Europe. National jurisdiction.

San Marino SM

Primary authority: Autorità Garante per la protezione dei dati personali (San Marino)

Part I

Domestic law

Comprehensive data protection1

Law 171/2018Law No. 171 of 21 December 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data (Legge n. 171/2018)In force
In force from 2019San Marino's GDPR-modelled data protection law, setting principles, rights, controller duties, breach notification and an independent supervisory authority.
Synopsis
San Marino's GDPR-modelled data protection law, setting principles, rights, controller duties, breach notification and an independent supervisory authority.
Key themes
- principles
- data subject rights
- DPO
- breach notification
- transfers
Unique features
Near-verbatim transposition of the GDPR by a non-EU microstate in a customs union with the EU.
SaaS relevance
Applies to SaaS providers in or targeting San Marino.
Extraterritorial
Yes
Breach notification
Authority within 72h; individuals if high risk
DPO
Conditional
Cross-border transfers
Adequacy/appropriate safeguards
Key dates
- Adopted 21 December 2018
- In force 2019
Text
- Authoritative text consigliograndeegenerale.sm
Authority
Autorità Garante per la protezione dei dati personali (San Marino)
Verification
Low confidence.
Partly verified
Low confidence. Official and DPA sites blocked automated access; date (December 2018) and structure from prior knowledge, not verified this session. Penalties not verified.
Record
Full record for Law 171/2018
Partly verified
Low confidence. Official and DPA sites blocked automated access; date (December 2018) and structure from prior knowledge, not verified this session. Penalties not verified.

Part II

Regional & international frameworks

Membership-based — check ratification status in the instrument record. 15 instruments from 2 bodies.

Council of Europe

Convention 108Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal DataIn force
In force from 1 October 1985The first legally binding international data protection treaty. Parties must give effect in domestic law to core principles (data quality, special categories, security, data subject rights) and to transborder flow rules. Non-member states of the Council of Europe can also join.
Synopsis
The first legally binding international data protection treaty. Parties must give effect in domestic law to core principles (data quality, special categories, security, data subject rights) and to transborder flow rules. Non-member states of the Council of Europe can also join.
Key themes
- data quality
- sensitive data
- security
- access and rectification
- transborder flows
- mutual assistance
Unique features
It is open to accession by non-European states and has more than 50 parties, including several in Africa and Latin America. It is still the only binding multilateral data protection treaty with global reach.
SaaS relevance
It binds states, not companies. Its parties' national laws follow its principles, and joining it helps a state's case for EU adequacy.
Breach notification
None (added by 108+)
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
Free flow between parties; restrictions to non-parties permitted
Maximum penalty
Set by national law
Key dates
- Adopted 28 January 1981
- In force 1 October 1985
- ETS No. 108; opened 1981-01-28 (marked as Data Protection Day); in force 1985-10-01; 1999 amendments allow EU accession; modernised by Protocol CETS 223 (not yet in force)
Text
- Authoritative text rm.coe.int
Authority
Consultative Committee of Convention 108 (T-PD)
Sources consulted
- coe.int
- coe.int
Verification
High confidence.
The party count is approximate; the treaty office page did not render for me.
Record
Full record for Convention 108
Convention 108+Protocol amending the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (Convention 108+)Enacted – not yet in force
Modernises Convention 108 to bring it broadly into line with the GDPR. It adds proportionality and lawful-basis requirements, breach notification, wider data subject rights (including rights on automated decisions), transparency, privacy by design and accountability. The Convention Committee also gets stronger powers to evaluate parties.
Synopsis
Modernises Convention 108 to bring it broadly into line with the GDPR. It adds proportionality and lawful-basis requirements, breach notification, wider data subject rights (including rights on automated decisions), transparency, privacy by design and accountability. The Convention Committee also gets stronger powers to evaluate parties.
Key themes
- lawful basis
- accountability
- breach notification
- automated decisions
- privacy by design
- transborder flows
- follow-up mechanism
Unique features
It is a global, treaty-based near-equivalent of the GDPR that non-European states can join. The GDPR (Recital 105) names accession to it as a factor in adequacy decisions.
SaaS relevance
Once in force, its parties will need to legislate breach notification and accountability duties that will apply to SaaS providers in those states.
Breach notification
Supervisory authority without delay for serious breaches (Art 7(2))
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
Free flow between parties; appropriate safeguards for non-parties
Maximum penalty
Set by national law
Key dates
- Adopted 18 May 2018
- Adopted by the Committee of Ministers 2018-05-18; opened 2018-10-10. Enters into force once all Convention 108 parties ratify, or, failing that, on or after 2023-10-11 once 38 parties have ratified. 34 ratifications and 46 signatures as of the T-PD Bureau of 16–17 Sept 2026 (Moldova was the 34th, 2026-05-15).
Text
- Authoritative text rm.coe.int
Authority
Convention Committee (T-PD); national supervisory authorities
Sources consulted
- coe.int
- rm.coe.int
Verification
High confidence.
Not in force as of Oct 2026 (34 of 38 required ratifications). The text_url document ID was not re-checked this session.
Record
Full record for Convention 108+
CoE AI ConventionCouncil of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of LawSigned – not ratified
The first binding international treaty on AI. Parties must make sure activities across the AI lifecycle are consistent with human rights, democracy and the rule of law, including through transparency, accountability, non-discrimination, privacy and personal data protection, risk and impact management, and remedies. It applies mainly to public authorities; for the private sector, each party chooses how to address risks.
Synopsis
The first binding international treaty on AI. Parties must make sure activities across the AI lifecycle are consistent with human rights, democracy and the rule of law, including through transparency, accountability, non-discrimination, privacy and personal data protection, risk and impact management, and remedies. It applies mainly to public authorities; for the private sector, each party chooses how to address risks.
Key themes
- AI lifecycle
- human rights impact assessment
- transparency
- accountability
- privacy
- remedies
- risk management
Unique features
It is open to non-European signatories, including the US, UK, Canada and Japan. It is principle-based and leaves parties to choose implementation measures, unlike the prescriptive EU AI Act.
SaaS relevance
It has no direct obligations yet; for EU-market SaaS it will be implemented mainly through the AI Act.
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
None
Maximum penalty
Set by national law
Key dates
- Adopted 17 May 2024
- Adopted 2024-05-17; opened in Vilnius on 2024-09-05. Enters into force on the first day of the month after 3 months from the 5th ratification (at least 3 of them CoE member states). The EU ratified on 2026-05-15. The threshold had not been reached as of Sept 2026.
Text
- Authoritative text rm.coe.int
Authority
Conference of the Parties (once in force)
Sources consulted
- coe.int
- aibusiness.vc
Verification
Medium confidence.
Partly verified
Medium confidence. The ratification count was not available from the treaty office page. A Sept 2026 secondary source says it is not yet in force. The text_url document ID was not re-checked.
Record
Full record for CoE AI Convention
Partly verified
Medium confidence. The ratification count was not available from the treaty office page. A Sept 2026 secondary source says it is not yet in force. The text_url document ID was not re-checked.
Protocol 181Additional Protocol to Convention 108 regarding supervisory authorities and transborder data flowsIn force
In force from 1 July 2004Requires parties to set up independent supervisory authorities with powers of investigation and intervention. It also restricts transfers to non-parties unless the recipient ensures an adequate level of protection or safeguards such as contractual clauses are in place.
Synopsis
Requires parties to set up independent supervisory authorities with powers of investigation and intervention. It also restricts transfers to non-parties unless the recipient ensures an adequate level of protection or safeguards such as contractual clauses are in place.
Key themes
- independent supervisory authority
- adequacy
- transborder data flows
Unique features
It brought the adequacy and independent-DPA concepts of Directive 95/46 into the Council of Europe framework.
SaaS relevance
It shapes the transfer rules of non-EU parties that a SaaS provider may need to meet.
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
Adequacy or ad hoc/approved safeguards for non-parties
Maximum penalty
Set by national law
Key dates
- Adopted 8 November 2001
- In force 1 July 2004
- ETS No. 181; opened 2001-11-08; in force 2004-07-01; to be absorbed by Convention 108+
Text
- Authoritative text rm.coe.int
Authority
National supervisory authorities; T-PD
Sources consulted
- coe.int
Verification
Medium confidence.
Partly verified
Medium confidence. I could not fetch the treaty office status page; the dates come from established references.
Record
Full record for Protocol 181
Partly verified
Medium confidence. I could not fetch the treaty office status page; the dates come from established references.
Budapest ConventionConvention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention)In force
In force from 1 July 2004The main multilateral cybercrime treaty, open to non-European states. It harmonises offences such as illegal access and data interference, requires procedural powers (expedited preservation, production orders, search and seizure, interception), and sets up mutual legal assistance. Brazil and many other non-European states have acceded.
Synopsis
The main multilateral cybercrime treaty, open to non-European states. It harmonises offences such as illegal access and data interference, requires procedural powers (expedited preservation, production orders, search and seizure, interception), and sets up mutual legal assistance. Brazil and many other non-European states have acceded.
Key themes
- cybercrime offences
- data preservation
- production orders
- interception
- mutual legal assistance
- 24/7 network
Unique features
It has over 75 parties worldwide and is the model for many national cybercrime laws. Article 15 requires procedural powers to be subject to human rights conditions and safeguards.
SaaS relevance
National laws based on it allow domestic production and preservation orders for subscriber and traffic data held by SaaS providers.
Extraterritorial
Limited
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
MLA and 24/7 points of contact
Maximum penalty
Set by national law
Key dates
- Adopted 23 November 2001
- In force 1 July 2004
- ETS No. 185; opened 2001-11-23; in force 2004-07-01; First Additional Protocol (ETS 189, xenophobia) 2003; Second Additional Protocol CETS 224 (2022) not yet in force
Text
- Authoritative text rm.coe.int
Authority
Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY)
Sources consulted
- coe.int
- coe.int
Verification
Medium confidence.
Partly verified
Medium confidence. The party count is approximate.
Record
Full record for Budapest Convention
Partly verified
Medium confidence. The party count is approximate.
Budapest 2nd Additional ProtocolSecond Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on enhanced co-operation and disclosure of electronic evidenceSigned – not ratified
Lets authorities in one party ask service providers in another party directly for domain registration and subscriber information, and speeds up the giving of effect to orders for traffic data. It also provides for emergency mutual assistance and joint investigations. Article 14 contains a full data protection safeguards regime for the data transferred.
Synopsis
Lets authorities in one party ask service providers in another party directly for domain registration and subscriber information, and speeds up the giving of effect to orders for traffic data. It also provides for emergency mutual assistance and joint investigations. Article 14 contains a full data protection safeguards regime for the data transferred.
Key themes
- direct cooperation with providers
- subscriber information
- domain registration data
- emergency disclosure
- data protection safeguards (Art 14)
Unique features
It allows direct cross-border requests to private providers and has a built-in data protection article that can work as a transfer basis between parties.
SaaS relevance
Once in force, a SaaS provider could receive direct subscriber-information requests from foreign parties' authorities.
Extraterritorial
Yes
Breach notification
Art 14 requires notifying the transferring party of security incidents involving transferred data
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
Art 14 safeguards govern transfers between parties
Maximum penalty
Set by national law
Key dates
- Adopted 17 November 2021
- Adopted 2021-11-17; opened 2022-05-12. Enters into force after 5 ratifications. Costa Rica became the 4th ratifying state on 2026-04-15.
Text
- Authoritative text rm.coe.int
Authority
Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY)
Sources consulted
- coe.int
- coe.int
Verification
Medium confidence.
Partly verified
Medium confidence. I could not confirm whether a fifth ratification after April 2026 has started the entry-into-force period. The five-ratification threshold comes from established references. The EU has authorised member states to ratify it.
Record
Full record for Budapest 2nd Additional Protocol
Partly verified
Medium confidence. I could not confirm whether a fifth ratification after April 2026 has started the entry-into-force period. The five-ratification threshold comes from established references. The EU has authorised member states to ratify it.
ECHR Art 8Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights), Article 8In force
In force from 3 September 1953Article 8 protects respect for private and family life, home and correspondence. A state may interfere only where the interference is in accordance with the law, pursues a listed legitimate aim and is necessary in a democratic society. The Strasbourg Court enforces it through binding judgments against the 46 member states.
Synopsis
Article 8 protects respect for private and family life, home and correspondence. A state may interfere only where the interference is in accordance with the law, pursues a listed legitimate aim and is necessary in a democratic society. The Strasbourg Court enforces it through binding judgments against the 46 member states.
Key themes
- private life
- correspondence
- surveillance
- legality
- necessity and proportionality
- positive obligations
Unique features
It has a large body of case law on surveillance and data retention (e.g. S. and Marper, Big Brother Watch, Centrum för Rättvisa). Article 8 has been read to include data protection, and it informs the interpretation of the EU Charter (Art 52(3)).
SaaS relevance
It binds states only, but it drives national law on employee monitoring, surveillance and data retention that affects SaaS providers.
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
None
Maximum penalty
Just satisfaction awarded against states
Key dates
- Adopted 4 November 1950
- In force 3 September 1953
- ETS No. 005; signed in Rome on 1950-11-04; in force 1953-09-03
Text
- Authoritative text echr.coe.int
Authority
European Court of Human Rights
Sources consulted
- echr.coe.int
- coe.int
Verification
High confidence.
The CIPP/E project holds a copy (1950ECHR.pdf). Russia ceased to be a party on 2022-09-16.
Record
Full record for ECHR Art 8
Rec 509 (1968)Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 509 (1968) on Human Rights and Modern Scientific and Technological DevelopmentsIn force
In force from 31 January 1968In this recommendation the Parliamentary Assembly asked the Committee of Ministers to look at whether the ECHR and national laws adequately protected privacy against modern technology such as eavesdropping devices and computers. It started the Council of Europe work that led to Resolutions (73)22 and (74)29 and then Convention 108.
Synopsis
In this recommendation the Parliamentary Assembly asked the Committee of Ministers to look at whether the ECHR and national laws adequately protected privacy against modern technology such as eavesdropping devices and computers. It started the Council of Europe work that led to Resolutions (73)22 and (74)29 and then Convention 108.
Key themes
- technology and privacy
- surveillance devices
- computers
- adequacy of ECHR Art 8
Unique features
It was the first pan-European political recognition that computerisation threatened privacy. It is non-binding and historical.
SaaS relevance
Historical background only; no obligations.
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
None
Maximum penalty
None
Key dates
- Adopted 31 January 1968
- In force 31 January 1968
Text
- Authoritative text pace.coe.int
Authority
None designated
Sources consulted
- pace.coe.int
Verification
Medium confidence.
Partly verified
Medium confidence. I did not re-check the exact adoption date (31 January 1968) or the PACE file URL this session. The CIPP/E project holds a copy (1968REC509.pdf).
Record
Full record for Rec 509 (1968)
Partly verified
Medium confidence. I did not re-check the exact adoption date (31 January 1968) or the PACE file URL this session. The CIPP/E project holds a copy (1968REC509.pdf).
Res (74) 29Resolution (74) 29 on the Protection of the Privacy of Individuals vis-à-vis Electronic Data Banks in the Public SectorRepealed/superseded
In force from 20 September 1974The public-sector companion to Res (73) 22. It set principles for government electronic data banks, including that the public should be told about them, that collection should be lawful and fair, that data should be accurate, and that access should be limited. These principles fed directly into Convention 108.
Synopsis
The public-sector companion to Res (73) 22. It set principles for government electronic data banks, including that the public should be told about them, that collection should be lawful and fair, that data should be accurate, and that access should be limited. These principles fed directly into Convention 108.
Key themes
- public sector
- transparency
- lawfulness
- accuracy
- security
- access
Unique features
Extended the 1973 principles to government processing.
SaaS relevance
Historical only; no current obligations.
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
None
Maximum penalty
None
Key dates
- Adopted 20 September 1974
- In force 20 September 1974
Text
- Authoritative text rm.coe.int
Authority
None designated
Sources consulted
- rm.coe.int
Verification
Medium confidence.
Partly verified
Medium confidence. Superseded by Convention 108. I did not re-check the document URL this session.
Record
Full record for Res (74) 29
Partly verified
Medium confidence. Superseded by Convention 108. I did not re-check the document URL this session.
Res (73) 22Resolution (73) 22 on the Protection of the Privacy of Individuals vis-à-vis Electronic Data Banks in the Private SectorRepealed/superseded
In force from 26 September 1973A Committee of Ministers resolution setting out principles for private-sector electronic data banks, including accurate and relevant information, purpose limitation, a ban on obtaining data by fraud, retention limits, security, and a person's right to know what is held about them. Member states were invited to adopt laws based on these principles.
Synopsis
A Committee of Ministers resolution setting out principles for private-sector electronic data banks, including accurate and relevant information, purpose limitation, a ban on obtaining data by fraud, retention limits, security, and a person's right to know what is held about them. Member states were invited to adopt laws based on these principles.
Key themes
- private sector
- data quality
- purpose
- retention
- security
- access
Unique features
Early soft-law forerunner of Convention 108, focused on the private sector.
SaaS relevance
Historical only; no current obligations.
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
None
Maximum penalty
None
Key dates
- Adopted 26 September 1973
- In force 26 September 1973
Text
- Authoritative text rm.coe.int
Authority
None designated
Sources consulted
- rm.coe.int
Verification
Medium confidence.
Partly verified
Medium confidence. Effectively superseded by Convention 108 (1981). I did not re-check the rm.coe.int document URL this session.
Record
Full record for Res (73) 22
Partly verified
Medium confidence. Effectively superseded by Convention 108 (1981). I did not re-check the rm.coe.int document URL this session.

United Nations

UN Cybercrime ConventionUnited Nations Convention against Cybercrime; Strengthening International Cooperation for Combating Certain Crimes Committed by Means of Information and Communications Technology Systems and for the Sharing of Evidence in Electronic Form of Serious CrimesSigned – not ratified
The first global UN treaty on cybercrime. It requires states to criminalise a set of computer-related offences and to provide procedural powers, such as preserving and producing stored data and collecting traffic and content data, and it sets up channels for cross-border e-evidence cooperation on serious crimes. It includes a general human rights clause and conditions and safeguards on these powers.
Synopsis
The first global UN treaty on cybercrime. It requires states to criminalise a set of computer-related offences and to provide procedural powers, such as preserving and producing stored data and collecting traffic and content data, and it sets up channels for cross-border e-evidence cooperation on serious crimes. It includes a general human rights clause and conditions and safeguards on these powers.
Key themes
- cybercrime offences
- e-evidence
- production orders
- data preservation
- mutual legal assistance
- human rights safeguards
Unique features
It is broader than the Budapest Convention in that evidence sharing covers any 'serious crime'. Rights groups and industry have criticised its safeguards as weak.
SaaS relevance
Once in force and implemented, it could widen the range of states able to issue preservation and production orders to cloud and SaaS providers.
Extraterritorial
Limited
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
Cooperation channels for electronic evidence
Maximum penalty
Set by national law
Key dates
- Adopted 24 December 2024
- Adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2024; opened for signature in Hanoi on 2025-10-25; enters into force 90 days after the 40th ratification. About 3 ratifications (Qatar, Azerbaijan, Viet Nam) as of mid-2026.
Text
- Authoritative text unodc.org
Authority
UNODC (secretariat); Conference of the States Parties once in force
Sources consulted
- en.wikipedia.org
- unodc.org
Verification
Medium confidence.
Partly verified
Medium confidence. The ratification count comes from secondary sources as of mid-2026. The convention is not in force (it needs 40 ratifications). The exact GA adoption date (24 Dec 2024, A/RES/79/243) comes from established references and I did not re-verify it.
Record
Full record for UN Cybercrime Convention
Partly verified
Medium confidence. The ratification count comes from secondary sources as of mid-2026. The convention is not in force (it needs 40 ratifications). The exact GA adoption date (24 Dec 2024, A/RES/79/243) comes from established references and I did not re-verify it.
Right to privacy in the digital ageUN General Assembly resolutions on the right to privacy in the digital age (series)In force
In force from 18 December 2013This is a recurring series of non-binding General Assembly resolutions. They confirm that people have the same privacy rights online as offline, and they ask states to review surveillance, interception and bulk data collection against international human rights law. Later resolutions also cover AI, biometrics, encryption and data brokers.
Synopsis
This is a recurring series of non-binding General Assembly resolutions. They confirm that people have the same privacy rights online as offline, and they ask states to review surveillance, interception and bulk data collection against international human rights law. Later resolutions also cover AI, biometrics, encryption and data brokers.
Key themes
- surveillance
- interception
- AI and privacy
- encryption
- business responsibility
- remedies
Unique features
The series grew out of the 2013 Snowden revelations. It led to OHCHR reports and, through the Human Rights Council, to the Special Rapporteur on privacy.
SaaS relevance
These are soft-law expectations on business respect for privacy (UN Guiding Principles), which are relevant to transparency reporting and to how a provider handles government data requests.
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
None
Maximum penalty
None
Key dates
- Adopted 18 December 2013
- In force 18 December 2013
- First resolution A/RES/68/167 (2013-12-18); renewed roughly every two years; latest verified A/RES/79/175 adopted 2024-12-17
Text
- Authoritative text documents.un.org
Authority
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) reports; UN Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy
Sources consulted
- documents.un.org
- digitallibrary.un.org
Verification
Medium confidence.
Partly verified
Medium confidence. Treated as one row for the whole series. I did not check whether a newer resolution was adopted at the 80th session in late 2025.
Record
Full record for Right to privacy in the digital age
Partly verified
Medium confidence. Treated as one row for the whole series. I did not check whether a newer resolution was adopted at the 80th session in late 2025.
ICCPR Art 17International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 17In force
In force from 23 March 1976This is a binding treaty. Article 17 bans arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence, and requires states parties to protect people from such interference by law. The Human Rights Committee monitors compliance through state reports and, for states that accept it, individual complaints.
Synopsis
This is a binding treaty. Article 17 bans arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence, and requires states parties to protect people from such interference by law. The Human Rights Committee monitors compliance through state reports and, for states that accept it, individual complaints.
Key themes
- right to privacy
- state obligations
- legality
- arbitrariness
- individual communications
Unique features
It is the main binding global privacy guarantee and has about 170+ parties. General Comment 16 reads it as covering the gathering and holding of personal information, including by private bodies.
SaaS relevance
It binds states, not companies, but it shapes national privacy laws and the rules on government access to the data SaaS providers hold.
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
None
Maximum penalty
None (treaty-body views; no fines)
Key dates
- Adopted 16 December 1966
- In force 23 March 1976
- Adopted by GA resolution 2200A (XXI) on 1966-12-16; in force 1976-03-23. Human Rights Committee General Comment No. 16 on Article 17 was issued in 1988.
Text
- Authoritative text ohchr.org
Authority
UN Human Rights Committee (treaty body)
Sources consulted
- ohchr.org
- ohchr.org
Verification
High confidence.
The party count is approximate and was not re-checked against the UN Treaty Collection.
Record
Full record for ICCPR Art 17
UDHR Art 12Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12In force
In force from 10 December 1948Article 12 says no one may be subjected to arbitrary interference with their privacy, family, home or correspondence, and that everyone is entitled to legal protection against such interference. It is a declaration rather than a treaty, but it is the starting point for privacy as an international human right.
Synopsis
Article 12 says no one may be subjected to arbitrary interference with their privacy, family, home or correspondence, and that everyone is entitled to legal protection against such interference. It is a declaration rather than a treaty, but it is the starting point for privacy as an international human right.
Key themes
- right to privacy
- correspondence
- reputation
- protection of the law
Unique features
Not legally binding in itself, though many of its provisions are treated as customary international law. Every later privacy instrument, from the ECHR to the ICCPR, builds on this text.
SaaS relevance
Gives no direct obligations to a SaaS business; it is useful as the human rights background for policies and DPIAs.
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
None
Maximum penalty
None
Key dates
- Adopted 10 December 1948
- In force 10 December 1948
- Proclaimed by the UN General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948
Text
- Authoritative text un.org
Authority
None designated
Sources consulted
- un.org
- ohchr.org
Verification
High confidence.
The CIPP/E project holds a copy (1948UDHR.pdf).
Record
Full record for UDHR Art 12
UN Guidelines 1990Guidelines for the Regulation of Computerized Personal Data FilesIn force
In force from 14 December 1990Non-binding guidelines from the General Assembly that set minimum guarantees for national laws on computerised personal data files, covering both public and private files. They list principles such as lawfulness and fairness, accuracy, purpose specification, interested-person access, non-discrimination, security and independent supervision.
Synopsis
Non-binding guidelines from the General Assembly that set minimum guarantees for national laws on computerised personal data files, covering both public and private files. They list principles such as lawfulness and fairness, accuracy, purpose specification, interested-person access, non-discrimination, security and independent supervision.
Key themes
- fair information principles
- sensitive data
- access
- security
- supervisory authority
- transborder flows
Unique features
Separate provisions extend the principles to files held by international governmental organisations. They also have an early non-discrimination rule on sensitive data and allow transfers to countries with comparable safeguards.
SaaS relevance
Gives no direct obligations; it is historical background to UN-system data protection policies.
Breach notification
None
DPO
No
Cross-border transfers
Free flow to states with comparable safeguards
Maximum penalty
None
Key dates
- Adopted 14 December 1990
- In force 14 December 1990
Text
- Authoritative text refworld.org
Authority
None designated
Sources consulted
- refworld.org
- digitallibrary.un.org
Verification
Medium confidence.
Partly verified
Medium confidence. I did not open the resolution text in this session. The resolution number and date come from established references. Refworld is a UNHCR mirror; the official text is in the UN Digital Library under A/RES/45/95.
Record
Full record for UN Guidelines 1990
Partly verified
Medium confidence. I did not open the resolution text in this session. The resolution number and date come from established references. Refworld is a UNHCR mirror; the official text is in the UN Digital Library under A/RES/45/95.